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The 15th century was the century which spans the Julian years 1401 to 1500. In European history, the 15th century is seen as the bridge between the Late Middle Ages, the Early Renaissance, and the Early modern period. Many technological, social and cultural developments of the 15th century can in retrospect be seen as heralding the "European miracle" of the following centuries. In religious history, the Roman Papacy was split in two parts in Europe for decades (the so-called Western Schism), until the Council of Constance. The division of the Catholic Church and the unrest associated with the Hussite movement would become factors in the rise of the Protestant Reformation in the following century. Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, falls to emerging Ottoman Turks, forcing Western Europeans to find a new trade route. At the same time, the beginning Age of Sail allows Spanish and Portuguese explorations led to the first European sightings of the Americas (the New World) and the sea passage along Cape of Good Hope to India, in the last decade of the century. The Spanish Reconquista leads to the final fall of the Emirate of Granada by the end of the century. In Asia, under the rule of the Yongle Emperor, who built the Forbidden City and commanded Zheng He to explore the world overseas, the Ming Dynasty's territory reached its pinnacle. Tamerlane established a major empire in the Middle East and Central Asia, in order to revive the Mongolian Empire. In Africa, the spread of Islam leads to the destruction of the Christian kingdoms of Nubia, by the end of the century leaving only Alodia (which was to collapse in 1504). The formerly vast Mali Empire teeters on the brink of collapse, under pressure from the rising Songhai Empire. In the Americas, both the Inca Empire and the Aztec Triple Alliance reach the peak of their influence. ==Events== 1400s * 1401: Dilawar Khan establishes the Malwa Sultanate in present-day central India * 1402: Ottoman and Timurid Empires fight at the Battle of Ankara resulting in Timur's capture of Bayezid I. * 1402: Sultanate of Malacca founded by Parameshwara. * 1403: The Yongle Emperor moves the capital of China from Nanjing to Beijing. * 1403: The settlement of the Canary Islands signals the beginning of the Spanish Empire. * 1405–1433: Zheng He of China sails through the Indian Ocean to India, Arabia, and East Africa to spread China's influence and sovereignty. * 1405: Paregreg war, Majapahit civil war of succession between Wikramawardhana against Wirabhumi. (to 1406) * 1405–1407: The first voyage of Zheng He, a massive Ming dynasty naval expedition visited Java, Palembang, Malacca, Aru, Samudera and Lambri.〔Modern interpretation of the place names recorded by Chinese chronicles can be found e.g. in (Some Southeast Asian Polities Mentioned in the MSL ) by Geoffrey Wade〕 (to 1433) 1410s * 1410: The Battle of Grunwald is the decisive battle of the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War leading to the downfall of the Teutonic Knights. * 1410–1413: Foundation of St Andrews University in Scotland. * 1414: Khizr Khan, deputised by Timur to be the governor of Multan, takes over Delhi founding the Sayyid dynasty. * 1415: Henry the Navigator leads the conquest of Ceuta from the Moors marking the beginning of the Portuguese Empire. * 1415: Battle of Agincourt fought between the Kingdom of England and France. * 1415: Jan Hus is burned at the stake as a heretic at the Council of Constance. 1420s * 1420: Construction of the Chinese Forbidden City is completed in Beijing. * 1420–1434: Hussite Wars in Bohemia. * 1424: James I returns to Scotland after being held hostage under three Kings of England since 1406. * 1424: Deva Raya II succeeds his father Veera Vijaya Bukka Raya as monarch of the Vijayanagara Empire. * 1425: Catholic University of Leuven (Belgium) founded by Pope Martin V. * 1429: Joan of Arc ends the Siege of Orléans and turns the tide of the Hundred Years' War. * 1429: Queen Suhita succeeds Wikramawardhana as ruler of Majapahit.〔Ricklefs (1991), page 18.〕 1430s * 1431 * * January 9 – Pretrial investigations for Joan of Arc begin in Rouen, France under English occupation. * * March 3 – Pope Eugene IV succeeds Pope Martin V, to become the 207th pope. * * March 26 – The trial of Joan of Arc begins. * * May 30 – Nineteen-year-old Joan of Arc is burned at the stake. * * June 16 – the Teutonic Knights and Švitrigaila sign the Treaty of Christmemel, creating anti-Polish alliance * * September – Battle of Inverlochy: Donald Balloch defeats the Royalists. * * October 30 – Treaty of Medina del Campo, consolidating peace between Portugal and Castille. * * December 16 – Henry VI of England is crowned King of France. * 1438: Pachacuti founds the Inca Empire. 1440s * 1440: Eton College founded by Henry VI. * 1440s: The Golden Horde breaks up into the Siberia Khanate, the Khanate of Kazan, the Astrakhan Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, and the Great Horde. * 1440–1469: Under Moctezuma I, the Aztecs become the dominant power in Mesoamerica. * 1440: Oba Ewuare comes to power in the West African city of Benin, and turns it into an empire. * 1441: Jan van Eyck, Flemish painter, dies. * 1441: Portuguese navigators cruise West Africa and reestablish the European slave trade with a shipment of African slaves sent directly from Africa to Portugal. * 1441: A civil war between The Tutul Xiues and Cocom breaks out in The League of Mayapan. As a consequence the league begins to disintegrate. * 1443: Abdur Razzaq visits India. * 1443: King Sejong the Great publishes the hangul, the native phonetic alphabet system for the Korean language. * 1444: The Albanian league is established in Lezha, Skanderbeg is elected leader. A war begins against Ottoman empire. An Albanian state is set up and lasts until 1479. * 1444: Ottoman Empire under Sultan Murad II defeats the Polish and Hungarian armies under Władysław III of Poland and János Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna. * 1445: The Kazan Khanate defeats the Grand Duchy of Moscow at the Battle of Suzdal. * 1446: Mallikarjuna Raya succeeds his father Deva Raya II as monarch of the Vijayanagara Empire. * 1447: Wijayaparakramawardhana, succeeds Suhita as ruler of Majapahit.〔 * 1449: Saint Srimanta Sankardeva was born. * 1449: Esen Tayisi leads an Oirat Mongol invasion of China which culminate in the capture of the Zhengtong Emperor at Battle of Tumu Fortress. 1450s * 1450s: Machu Picchu constructed. * 1451: Bahlul Khan Lodhi ascends the throne of the Delhi sultanate starting the Lodhi dynasty * 1451: Rajasawardhana, born Bhre Pamotan, styled Brawijaya II succeeds Wijayaparakramawardhana as ruler of Majapahit.〔 * 1453: The Fall of Constantinople marks the end of the Byzantine Empire and the death of the last Roman Emperor Constantine XI and the beginning of the Growth of the Ottoman Empire. * 1453: The Battle of Castillon is the last engagement of the Hundred Years' War and the first battle in European history where cannons were a major factor in deciding the battle. * 1453: Reign of Rajasawardhana ends.〔 * 1454–1466: After defeating the Teutonic Knights in the Thirteen Years' War, Poland annexes Royal Prussia. * 1455–1485: Wars of the Roses – English civil war between the House of York and the House of Lancaster. * 1456: Joan of Arc is posthumously acquitted of heresy by the Catholic Church, redeeming her status as the heroine of France. * 1456: The Siege of Belgrade halts the Ottomans' advance into Europe. * 1456: Girindrawardhana, styled Brawijaya VI becomes ruler of Majapahit.〔 1460s * 1461: The League of Mayapan disintegrates. * 1461 * * February 2 – Battle of Mortimer's Cross: Yorkist troops led by Edward, Duke of York defeat Lancastrians under Owen Tudor and his son Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke in Wales. * * February 17 – Second Battle of St Albans, England: The Earl of Warwick's army is defeated by a Lancastrian force under Queen Margaret, who recovers control of her husband. * * March 4 – The Duke of York seizes London and proclaims himself King Edward IV of England. * * March 5 - Henry VI of England is deposed by the Duke of York during war of the Roses. * * March 29 – Battle of Towton: Edward IV defeats Queen Margaret to make good his claim to the English throne (thought to be the bloodiest battle ever fought in England). * * June 28 – Edward, Richard of York's son, is crowned as Edward IV, King of England (reigns until 1483). * * July – Byzantine general Graitzas Palaiologos honourably surrenders Salmeniko Castle, last garrison of the Despotate of the Morea, to invading forces of the Ottoman Empire after a year-long siege. * * July 22 – Louis XI of France succeeds Charles VII of France as king (reigns until 1483). * 1462: Sonni Ali Ber, the ruler of the Songhai (or Songhay) Empire, along the Niger River, conquers Mali in the central Sudan by defeating the Tuareg contingent at Tombouctou (or Timbuktu) and capturing the city. He develops both his own capital, Gao, and the main centres of Mali, Timbuktu and Djenné, into major cities. Ali Ber controls trade along the Niger River with a navy of war vessels. * 1462: Mehmed the Conqueror is driven back by Wallachian prince Vlad III Dracula at The Night Attack. * 1464: Edward IV of England secretly marries Elizabeth Woodville * 1466: Singhawikramawardhana, succeeds Girindrawardhana as ruler of Majapahit.〔 * 1467: Uzun Hasan defeats the Black Sheep Turkoman leader Jahān Shāh. * 1467–1615: The Sengoku period is one of civil war in Japan. * 1469: The marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile leads to the unification of Spain. * 1469: Matthias Corvinus of Hungary conquers some parts of Bohemia. * 1469: Birth of Guru Nanak Dev. Beside followers of Sikhism, Guru Nanak is revered by Hindus and Muslim Sufis across the Indian subcontinent. 1470s * 1470: The Moldavian forces under Stephen the Great defeat the Tatars of the Golden Horde at the Battle of Lipnic. * 1471: The kingdom of Champa suffers a massive defeat by the Vietnamese king Lê Thánh Tông. * 1474–1477: Burgundy Wars of France, Switzerland, Lorraine and Sigismund II of Habsburg against the Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. * 1478: Muscovy conquers Novgorod. * 1478: Reign of Singhawikramawardhana ends.〔 * 1478: The Great Mosque of Demak is the oldest mosque in Java, built by the Wali Songo during the reign of Sultan Patah. * 1479: Battle of Breadfield, Matthias Corvinus of Hungary defeated the Turks. 1480s * 1480: After the Great standing on the Ugra river, Muscovy gained independence from the Great Horde. * 1481: Spanish Inquisition begins in practice with the first ''auto-da-fé''. * 1485: Matthias Corvinus of Hungary captured Vienna, Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor ran away. * 1485: Henry VII defeats Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth. and becomes King of England. * 1485: Ivan III of Russia conquered Tver. * 1485: Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya drives out Praudha Raya ending the Sangama Dynasty. * 1486: Sher Shah Suri, is born in Sasaram, Bihar. * 1488: Portuguese Navigator Bartolomeu Dias sails around the Cape of Good Hope. 1490s-1500 * 1492: The death of Sunni Ali Ber left a leadership void in the Songhai Empire, and his son was soon dethroned by Mamadou Toure who ascended the throne in 1493 under the name Askia (meaning "general") Muhammad. Askia Muhammad made Songhai the largest empire in the history of West Africa. The empire went into decline, however, after 1528, when the now-blind Askia Muhammad was dethroned by his son, Askia Musa. * 1492: Boabdil's surrender of Granada marks the end of the Spanish Reconquista and Al-Andalus. * 1492: Jews expelled from Spain. * 1492: Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas from Spain. * 1494: Spain and Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas and agree to divide the World outside of Europe between themselves. * 1494–1559: The Italian Wars lead to the downfall of the Italian city-states. * 1497–1499: Vasco da Gama's first voyage from Europe to India and back. * 1499: Ottoman fleet defeats Venetians at the Battle of Zonchio. * 1499: The Pieta is made in Rome * 1500: Islam becomes Indonesia's dominant religion. * 1500: Around late 15th century Bujangga Manik manuscript was composed, tell the story of Jaya Pakuan Bujangga Manik, a Sundanese Hindu hermit journeys throughout Java and Bali. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「15th century」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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